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Letter from ʿUthmān Diqna to the Khalīfa

Collection: nationalrecordsoffice.mahdia
Description: On the situation of the army, of the enemies and of the tribes in Eastern Sudan. - This text has been edited in Muḥammad Ibrāhīm Abū Salīm, Muḥarrarāt ʿUthmān Diqna, Khartoum, Markaz Abū Salīm li-l-dirāsāt, 2004. See letter 355 01/11/1311
Letter from ʿUthmān Diqna to the Khalīfa

Letter from al-Majdhūb Abū Bakr to ʿUthmān Diqna

Collection: nationalrecordsoffice.mahdia
Description: The secretary of the treasury informs ʿUthmān Diqna that fifty camels carrying ivory, accompanied by fifty men from the awlād al-ʿarab (Westerners) and the jihādiyya (slave soldiers) have arrived to Tūkar. They carried letters from Omdurman, stating that the administration in Tūkar should help them. Three days later, three letters arrived in the post from Berber. The letters explained that a man named Yūsuf Sulaymān has been appointed to fight the contraband ivory. The second and third letters deal with a smuggler name Muṣṭafā al-Nāʾim. As it happens, the latter was in Handūb, the other Mahdist station in Eastern Sudan. They arrested him, and seized the ivory in Tūkar, and are awaiting for Yūsuf Sulaymān’s confirmation that it is legal. 05/08/1307
Letter from al-Majdhūb Abū Bakr to ʿUthmān Diqna

Index in Arabic ʿUthmān Diqna’s letter-book

Collection: nationalrecordsoffice.mahdia
Description: In February 1891, Colonel Holled-Smith, the head of the Egyptian and British garrison of Sawākin, led an expedition against the Mahdist administrative centre of Afafīt (Tūkar) in Eastern Sudan. As a result, he seized an important volume of documents, among which a letter-book, with the correspondence of the Mahdī and the Khalīfa to ʿUthmān Diqna. This document appears to be a copy of the original index of the letter-book by the Department of Military Intelligence. c. 04/1891
Index in Arabic ʿUthmān Diqna’s letter-book

Letter from the Khalīfa to the delegates (umanāʾ)

Collection: nationalrecordsoffice.mahdia
Description: Long letter from the Khalīfa to the delegates (umanāʾ) which reminds them of the reason they were sent to Tūkar (Eastern Sudan), i.e. to find a solution to the conflict between ʿUthmān Diqna and Abū Qarja. The latter had resented being under the orders of the former for more than a year and the final defeat of the Mahdists in front of Sawākin in December 1889 brought the issue to the forefront. As a result, the Khalīfa sent four delegates (the umanāʾ) to try to find a new arrangement between the two leaders. 12/08/1306
Letter from the Khalīfa to the delegates (umanāʾ)

Manuscript draft in English of an index of 132 letters (1884-1890), mainly to and from Tūkar (ʿUthmān Diqna and Majdhūb Abū Bakr)

Collection: nationalrecordsoffice.mahdia
Description: This index was published in Wingate’s “Report on the Dervish Rule in the Eastern Sudan” (May 1891) as Appendix VI (a) entitled “Three Indexes to Miscellaneous Letters Found at Afafit”. This report can be found in Durham (SAD 253/1) and in the NRO (CairInt 3/03/46). The original index in Arabic can be found in NRO Mahdiyya 1/30/06 (see NRO-M001126) c. 02-05/1891
Manuscript draft in English of an index of 132 letters (1884-1890), mainly to and from Tūkar (ʿUthmān Diqna and Majdhūb Abū Bakr)

Letter from ʿUthmān Diqna to the Khalīfa

Collection: nationalrecordsoffice.mahdia
Description: On the movement of disobedience led by the Ashrāf; on the measures that ʿUthmān Diqna should take to make sure that this sedition (fitna) does not reach Eastern Sudan. - This text has been edited in Muḥammad Ibrāhīm Abū Salīm, Muḥarrarāt ʿUthmān Diqna, Khartoum, Markaz Abū Salīm li-l-dirāsāt, 2004. See letter 238 01/05/1308
Letter from ʿUthmān Diqna to the Khalīfa

Letter from Majdhūb Abū Bakr to ʿUthmān Diqna

Collection: nationalrecordsoffice.mahdia
Description: Further details on the state of cultivation in Eastern Sudan. In particular, it deals with the large debt contracted by the Mahdist administration with merchants (more than 5000 riyāl) for the importation of grain. ../06/1307
Letter from Majdhūb Abū Bakr to ʿUthmān Diqna

Manuscript draft in English of an index of missing letters (1888-1889) of a manuscript book (c. 250 p.) containing letters (1883-1890) sent by the Mahdī and the Khalīfa to the Eastern Sudan to diverse recipients.

Collection: nationalrecordsoffice.mahdia
Description: This index was published in Wingate’s “Report on the Dervish Rule in the Eastern Sudan” (May 1891) as Appendix III entitled “Index to letters missing from the manuscript book extending from page 140 to page 193 i.e. from 25th July 1888 to 9th January 1889”. This report can be found in Durham (SAD 253/1) and in the NRO (CairInt 3/03/46). The original letter-book can be found in the NRO (Mahdiyya 8/07/60). A microfilm is kept at Durham (SAD 14/14/2/M) c. 02-05/1891
Manuscript draft in English of an index of missing letters (1888-1889) of a manuscript book (c. 250 p.) containing letters (1883-1890) sent by the Mahdī and the Khalīfa to the Eastern Sudan to diverse recipients.

Copy of a telegram sent from the Intelligence office in Halfa to the one in Cairo on 9 September 1895

Collection: nationalrecordsoffice.mahdia
Description: Reports information gathered by the Intelligence Office in Halfa, at the border with Mahdist Sudan, one year prior to the launch of the British conquest. The information was brought to them by “Secret agent n°1”. Among other news, this agent declared that the Khalīfa Muḥammad Sharīf, imprisoned after the 1891 revolt of the Ashrāf, had been set free, and that Yaʿqūb, the brother of the Khalīfa, had lost his position. 09/09/1895
Copy of a telegram sent from the Intelligence office in Halfa to the one in Cairo on 9 September 1895

Letter from ʿUthmān Diqna to the Khalīfa

Collection: nationalrecordsoffice.mahdia
Description: On the situation in Eastern Sudan and the collection of taxes from the nomadic tribes in the ʿAyṭbāy, on Hadanduwa territory; the displacement of nomadic tribes from Tibīlūl to ʿUthmān Diqna’s camp on the Atbara. - This text has been edited in Muḥammad Ibrāhīm Abū Salīm, Muḥarrarāt ʿUthmān Diqna, Khartoum, Markaz Abū Salīm li-l-dirāsāt, 2004. See letter 405 24/04/1313
Letter from ʿUthmān Diqna to the Khalīfa

Note by Wingate detailing what has been sent to the Sirdar and Lord Cromer

Collection: nationalrecordsoffice.mahdia
Description: Wingate distinguishes between four documents: (a) A native account of the action at Tokar; (b) ʿUthmān Diqna’s Correspondence to the Mahdi; (c) Index of letters from the Mahdī and the Khalīfa to ʿUthmān Diqna; and (d) Index of miscellaneous letters. Curiously, this list does not correspond to the references previously given by Wingate. These documents can be found in the “Report on Dervish Rule in the Eastern Sudan” (1891). 15/04/1891
Note by Wingate detailing what has been sent to the Sirdar and Lord Cromer

Draft index in Arabic (see NRO-M001124).

Collection: nationalrecordsoffice.mahdia
Description: The list of which this is the draft was published as Appendix VI. (a) of “Report on the Dervish Rule in the Eastern Sudan by Major F. R. Wingate”, May 1891, under the title “Three Indexes to Miscellaneous Letters Found at Afafit”. The translated draft index can be found in NRO Mahdiyya 1/30/07 (see NRO-M001167). c. 02-05/1891
Draft index in Arabic (see NRO-M001124).

Letter from ʿUthmān Diqna to the Khalīfa

Collection: nationalrecordsoffice.mahdia
Description: On the surveillance of Aḥmad Maḥmūd ʿAlī, the son of Maḥmūd ʿAlī who was the main opponent to ʿUthmān Diqna’s rule in Eastern Sudan. Aḥmad Maḥmūd ʿAlī seems to still be attached to the material world. - This text has been edited in Muḥammad Ibrāhīm Abū Salīm, Muḥarrarāt ʿUthmān Diqna, Khartoum, Markaz Abū Salīm li-l-dirāsāt, 2004. See letter 191 15/08/1307
Letter from ʿUthmān Diqna to the Khalīfa

Letter from ʿUthmān Diqna to ʿUthmān al-Dikaym

Collection: nationalrecordsoffice.mahdia
Description: On the situation in Eastern Sudan. - This text has been edited in Muḥammad Ibrāhīm Abū Salīm, Muḥarrarāt ʿUthmān Diqna, Khartoum, Markaz Abū Salīm li-l-dirāsāt, 2004. See letter 66 16/11/1305
Letter from ʿUthmān Diqna to ʿUthmān al-Dikaym

Manuscript draft in English of an index of proclamations (undated in the index) contained in a letter-book (c. 720 p.)

Collection: nationalrecordsoffice.mahdia
Description: This index was not published in Wingate’s “Report on the Dervish Rule in the Eastern Sudan” (May 1891), a fact which now cannot be explained. It is likely that this index refers to a letter-book kept at Durham (SAD 97/3), but this requires verification, especially since it is currently, labelled as a collection of “majālis” (i.e. texts produced during councils of the Mahdī), and not as a collection of “manshūrāt” (i.e. proclamations set as letters). c. 02-05/1891
Manuscript draft in English of an index of proclamations (undated in the index) contained in a letter-book (c. 720 p.)

Letter from ʿUthmān Diqna to the Khalīfa

Collection: nationalrecordsoffice.mahdia
Description: On the situation in Eastern Sudan with regard to nomadic tribes and ʿUthmān Diqna’s endeavours to unite them under the Mahdist authority. - This text has been edited in Muḥammad Ibrāhīm Abū Salīm, Muḥarrarāt ʿUthmān Diqna, Khartoum, Markaz Abū Salīm li-l-dirāsāt, 2004. See letter 276 04/10/1309
Letter from ʿUthmān Diqna to the Khalīfa

Letter from the Khalīfa to the Ḥamdūrāb

Collection: nationalrecordsoffice.mahdia
Description: The Khalīfa calls upon the Ḥamdūrāb, a clan of the Bishārīn, established in the north of the Eastern Sudan, to join ʿUthmān Diqna. He mentions by name two of their leaders, Asir ʿAwaḍ ʿUmar and ʿĪsā Akkad. 11/04/1307
Letter from the Khalīfa to the Ḥamdūrāb

Letter from Abū Qarja and Majdhūb Abū Bakr to ʿUthmān Diqna

Collection: nationalrecordsoffice.mahdia
Description: Abū Qarja and Majdhūb Abū Bakr give ʿUthmān Diqna details on the situation in Eastern Sudan, as the latter is currently in Omdurman, visiting the Khalīfa. Most of the letter deals with the instructions of the Khalīfa on question of grain (taxation, conservation and trade). Abū Qarja and Majdhūb Abū Bakr explain to ʿUthmān Diqna that most of the harvest has been lost to locusts. 04/06/1307
Letter from Abū Qarja and Majdhūb Abū Bakr to ʿUthmān Diqna

Letter from ʿUthmān Diqna to the Khalīfa

Collection: nationalrecordsoffice.mahdia
Description: On the situation in Eastern Sudan. - This text has been edited in Muḥammad Ibrāhīm Abū Salīm, Muḥarrarāt ʿUthmān Diqna, Khartoum, Markaz Abū Salīm li-l-dirāsāt, 2004. See letter 406 25/05/1313
Letter from ʿUthmān Diqna to the Khalīfa

Letter from ʿUthmān Diqna to the Khalīfa

Collection: nationalrecordsoffice.mahdia
Description: On the grain situation in Eastern Sudan; the supply of the anṣār; and consideration for the jihādiyya. - This text has been edited in Muḥammad Ibrāhīm Abū Salīm, Muḥarrarāt ʿUthmān Diqna, Khartoum, Markaz Abū Salīm li-l-dirāsāt, 2004. See letter 68 16/11/1305
Letter from ʿUthmān Diqna to the Khalīfa

Draft of the English translation of a letter narrating the events in Eastern Sudan between 1883 and 1885

Collection: nationalrecordsoffice.mahdia
Description: This document is the draft translation of the Daftar Waqāʾi (Annals). It was found among other documents when Tūkar was captured by the British in February 1891. The definitive translated text can be found in Appendix 2 of Wingate’s “Report on Dervish Rule in Eastern Sudan” (Durham - SAD 253/1). - This text has been edited in Muḥammad Ibrāhīm Abū Salīm, Muḥarrarāt ʿUthmān Diqna, Khartoum, Markaz Abū Salīm li-l-dirāsāt, 2004. 1891
Draft of the English translation of a letter narrating the events in Eastern Sudan between 1883 and 1885

Letter from ʿUthmān Diqna to the Khalīfa

Collection: nationalrecordsoffice.mahdia
Description: On the debts contracted by the treasury in Eastern Sudan. - This text has been edited in Muḥammad Ibrāhīm Abū Salīm, Muḥarrarāt ʿUthmān Diqna, Khartoum, Markaz Abū Salīm li-l-dirāsāt, 2004. See letter 347 Out of focus 12/08/1311
Letter from ʿUthmān Diqna to the Khalīfa

Letter from Aḥmad Maḥmūd ʿAlī to al-Majdhūb Abū Bakr and Abū Qarja

Collection: nationalrecordsoffice.mahdia
Description: Aḥmad Maḥmūd ʿAlī informs them that he has been told the Hadanduwa have allied with the Turks (the British and Egyptian administration in Sawākin) to attack and destroy Mahdist power in Eastern Sudan while an expedition is being mounted against the Banī ʿĀmir. He recommends to postpone this expedition. 11/06/1307
Letter from Aḥmad Maḥmūd ʿAlī to al-Majdhūb Abū Bakr and Abū Qarja

Letter from ʿUthmān Diqna to the Khalīfa

Collection: nationalrecordsoffice.mahdia
Description: On the Khalīfa’s recommendation for the training of the army and the mobilisation of the tribes in Eastern Sudan. - This text has been edited in Muḥammad Ibrāhīm Abū Salīm, Muḥarrarāt ʿUthmān Diqna, Khartoum, Markaz Abū Salīm li-l-dirāsāt, 2004. See letter 243 20/06/1309
Letter from ʿUthmān Diqna to the Khalīfa

Letter from ʿUthmān Diqna to the Khalīfa

Collection: nationalrecordsoffice.mahdia
Description: On the situation in Eastern Sudan: rumours of attacks by the Turks; return of Kitchener to Egypt with important captives; the condition of the nomadic tribes, especially the ʿAmārʾar; instruction of Kitchener not to attack ʿUthmān Diqna in the mountains but only when he comes close to the fortified positions. - This text has been edited in Muḥammad Ibrāhīm Abū Salīm, Muḥarrarāt ʿUthmān Diqna, Khartoum, Markaz Abū Salīm li-l-dirāsāt, 2004. See letter 300 12/05/1310
Letter from ʿUthmān Diqna to the Khalīfa

Manuscript draft of a translation of some of ʿUthmān Diqna’s letters sent to the Mahdī to relate events in the Eastern Sudan in 1883 and 1884.

Collection: nationalrecordsoffice.mahdia
Description: This is a manuscript draft entitled “Osman Digna’s Report of his primary actions in the Eastern Sudan. Submitted by him to the Mahdī, as taken from an Arabic copy found in Afafit on its being occupied by Gvt. troops on 19,2,91”. This draft translation was published in Wingate’s “Report on the Dervish Rule in the Eastern Sudan” (May 1891) as Appendix II entitled “Extracts from Osman Digna’s correspondence, captured on 19th February, 1891” This report can be found in Durham (SAD 253/1) and in the NRO (CairInt 3/03/46). This is translation is based on an Arabic text, called the Waqāʾiʿ ʿUthmān Diqna (“The Chronicles of ʿUthmān Diqna”), which is kept at the NRO (Mahdiyya 8/07/60). Muḥammad Ibrāhīm Abū Salīm has published an edited version in Arabic of this text (Abū Salīm, Mudhakkirāt ʿUthmān Diqna, Khartoum, 1974), stating that the English translation was of poor quality. 24/03/1891
Manuscript draft of a translation of some of ʿUthmān Diqna’s letters sent to the Mahdī to relate events in the Eastern Sudan in 1883 and 1884.

Letter from ʿUthmān Diqna to the Khalīfa

Collection: nationalrecordsoffice.mahdia
Description: On the situation in Eastern Sudan; the consequences of the Mahdist raid against Arkawīt: the replacement of the Sudanese and ḥamrān soldiers by Hindu soldiers and the cutting of stipends to tribal leaders; on the situation in Kasalā after the Italian defeat against Aḥmad Faḍīl; withdrawal of the Italians; news of the defeat of Adwa. - This text has been edited in Muḥammad Ibrāhīm Abū Salīm, Muḥarrarāt ʿUthmān Diqna, Khartoum, Markaz Abū Salīm li-l-dirāsāt, 2004. See letter 431 03/01/1314
Letter from ʿUthmān Diqna to the Khalīfa

Letter from al-Majdhūb Abū Bakr to ʿUthmān Diqna

Collection: nationalrecordsoffice.mahdia
Description: This is a discussion on the effects of the establishment of Aḥmad Maḥmūd ʿAlī in Handūb, where the previous Mahdist centre in Eastern Sudan was situated, before being moved to Tūkar in January 1889, after the last attempt by Mahdist forces to seize Sawākin. It appears that they suspect that Aḥmad Maḥmūd ʿAlī is collecting taxes from traders passing through to and from Sawākin (as Handūb is on the road between the latter port and Berber on the Nile), and is not sending the proceeds of this levy to the treasury in Tūkar; the anṣār there is in a situation of great need. If this is not mentioned in the letter, the suspicion of the Mahdist administrators was quite certainly strengthened by the fact that his father Maḥmūd ʿAlī, raʾīs of the Amārʾar, was the main opponent to the Mahdiyya in Eastern Sudan, until his death, the same year as the writing of this letter. In an addendum, al-Majdhūb states that he has learned from some traders that waterpipe tobacco is sometimes smuggled inside the country in boxes of sugar. Tobacco, like alcohol, was rigorously forbidden by the Mahdist regime, but it appears that some must nonetheless have been smuggled in to smoke. 05/08/1307
Letter from al-Majdhūb Abū Bakr to ʿUthmān Diqna
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